India’s rapid electrification of its main rail network stands in contrast to the United States, showcasing a remarkable transition from diesel to electric trains. By the end of 2024, India’s 40,000-mile rail network could be fully electrified, currently at over 96%. This achievement is particularly noteworthy when compared to the U.S., where only about 1% of the rail network is electrified.
The Indian Railways’ journey toward complete electrification is driven by multiple factors. While addressing climate change and reducing pollution-related health impacts are important considerations, the economic benefits play a crucial role. Electric trains are more cost-effective to operate, can carry heavier loads, and reduce India’s reliance on imported crude oil. This multifaceted approach has accelerated the transition.
The process involves adding overhead wires to connect with electric trains. As of December 2023, over 10,000 of India’s approximately 14,500 trains were electric. This rapid progress is attributed to strong governmental support, with Prime Minister Modi setting a clear directive for 100% electric rail. The government-owned structure of Indian Railways facilitated faster implementation by streamlining permits, transmission access, and construction processes.
India’s electrification efforts have been impressive in scale and speed. Between 2011 and 2020, over 12,000 miles of track were electrified, with another 12,000 miles completed from 2020 to 2023. This progress was further supported by significant investments in electric locomotives, exemplified by a record-breaking order of 1,300 units from Siemens Mobility.
The United States is taking modest steps towards rail electrification. California is leading the charge with a new zero-emissions rail rule, which, if approved by the EPA, could set a precedent for other states. The rule mandates that all new locomotives in California be zero-emissions by 2030, with complete transition by 2047.
The stark difference between India’s and the U.S.’s approaches highlights the potential for rapid infrastructure transformation when backed by strong political will, clear policy goals, and strategic economic incentives. As countries worldwide grapple with the challenges of climate change and air pollution, India’s success in rail electrification offers valuable lessons and a model for accelerated transition in the transportation sector.
